Protecting Citizens From Harmful Acts - 2352 Words

Question1: Protecting citizens from harmful acts is basic to any society. To protect citizens, governments pass laws and regulations making wrongful acts crimes. A crime can be described as a wrongful act that injures or interferes with the interest of society. However, many acts that result in harm to others are not crimes. Accidentally hitting another car with your own is not a crime, even though it could cause harm. It is a tort. Generally speaking, a tort is a wrongful act that injures or interferes with an individual s person or property. A tort can be intentional or unintentional (negligence), or it can be a tort of strict liability. Tort law typically requires harm as a prerequisite to a remedy. Criminal law does not. Specifically,†¦show more content†¦Criminal law includes many so-called victimless crimes, that is, crimes in which both of the immediate parties to the transaction consent, such as prostitution, gambling, and drug distribution. And consent is generally no defense to causing serious bodily injury, as opposed to minor bodily injury, in criminal law; but in tort law, it will more often serve as a full defense. Criminal law Torts law IMMEDIATE PURPOSE Punishment of criminal Compensation of victim THEORY OF OFFENSE Offense to all society; public interest Only victim injured; private interest only INITIATING PARTY The state, the people, represented by prosecutor The victim, plaintiff STANDARD OF PROOF Beyond a reasonable doubt By a preponderance of the evidence Question2: Employees have the right to join together to advance their interests as employees, unionize and to refrain from such activity. It is unlawful for an employer to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of their rights. Section 7 of NLRA guarantees employees the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection, as well as the right to refrain from any or all

Passages Of Scripture For Christians And Christians Alike

Introduction Jeremiah 31:31-34 is one of the most popular and well-known passages of Scripture for both Jews and Christians alike. It is a prophetic message of hope for God’s people, where God promises that one day he will make an unconditional new covenant to replace the Mosaic covenant that the Israelites have broken. God’s mercy and compassion shine through this prophecy as he shows that he is faithful to his promises, despite the continued failings of the Israelites. Today Christians often refer to this passage when declaring that Jesus Christ has ushered in this new covenant, and rightly so, however it is important to first consider the prophesy in light of the time it was written and what it first meant to the Jewish people who†¦show more content†¦In the verses immediately preceding this passage (v. 23-30) God declares what life will be like for the Israelites when he finally restores them, whilst immediately afterwards God promises the Israelites that as long as cre ation endures he will never forget them (v. 35-37). This Book of Consolation is sandwiched between strong warnings of divine judgment to Judah (Jer 1-29), and a prophetic description of the fall of Jerusalem (Jer 34-35). The fact that these verses declaring the creation of a new covenant were located between messages of judgment served to highlight Jeremiah’s key themes of God’s mercy and faithfulness despite Israel’s apostasy. This theme is consistent throughout the entire Old Testament. In addition, the hope of future restoration is carried through the larger Biblical narrative, where perhaps the book of Revelation is the most common example. At the end of Revelation there is a promise of future renewal of heaven and earth (Rev 21:1-4). In addition, the new covenant is finally fulfilled by the work of Jesus Christ, as recorded in the New Testament (Luke 22:20, 1 Cor 11:25, Hebrews 8:6-12). Literary Character of Text Jeremiah’s book is prophetic in nature, and has been written primarily in poetry with some prose. Jeremiah 31:31-34 has been written in poetic form, where God is speaking directly

History Of The Clarinet Essay Example For Students

History Of The Clarinet Essay The clarinet is a woodwind instrament consisting of a cylindrical wood, metal, or ebonite pipe with a bell-shaped opening at one end and a mouthpiece at the other end, to which a thin reed is attached. The clarinet has five different sections, the mouthpiece, the barrel, the upper section, the lower section, and the bell. The length of the entire instrument is 60 cm long. The mouthpiece section consists of a slotted cylinder, to which a reed is attached by a metal clamp called a ligature. The mouthpiece plugs into the next section which is a barrel. The barrel is simply a connecting cylinder to which the mouthpiece and the upper section plugs into. The upper section is a cylindrical pipe consisting of 4 holes and 9 keys placed in different locations along the pipe. On the back of the pipe there is a hole and a key that is used by the thumb. The lower section plugs into the upper section and is also connected via a special bridge key. This piece consists of 3 holes and 8 keys. On the inward facing side of the pipe, there is a protruding piece of metal called a thumb rest, which supports the entire clarinet. The bell plugs into the lower section. It consists of a cylinder that flares out into a bell shape and ends the clarinet. Clarinets are mainly made of African blackwood, metal, or a special hard plastic called ebonite. The keys on the clarinet are made of metal. The mouthpiece is mainly made of ebonite. The ligature is made of metal. The reed is made of cane. The clarinet was created in and around the eighteenth century. By the mid eighteenth century, the five key clarinet became standard. In 1844, the clarinet was further revised into what we know of it today. Around the beginning of the eighteenth century, a German instrument maker, Johann Christoff Denner invented the clarinet by improving the chalumeau. He did this by doubling the length of the chalumeau and adding two keys. The clarinet slowly acquired more keys during the eighteenth century. By 1750 the five key clarinet was the standard. In 1844, two french musicians, Louis-Augustine Buffet and Hyacinthe Klos made the most significant improvement in the instruments history. They applied the Boehm flute key system to the clarinet. This was done by placing each hole in different places so that each note would have the same tone quality. Then, they devised a key system that would cover all the holes. The improvements were a success, and the newly revised instrument became popular all over the world. The clarinet produces sound when air passes over the reed. The reed then vibrates, causing the flowing air to vibrate, thus producing sound. The air then exits the nearest opening. The farther the air travels before exiting, the deeper and lower the note will be. To produce a wide variety of notes, the clarinet has many keys and holes. Pressing different combinations of keys will result in different notes. Since the clarinet is a very versatile instrument, it can play almost any music. Today they play in bands, orchestras, dance bands, jazz bands, and woodwind ensembles. It is also often featured as a solo instrument. The clarinet has a beautiful liquid sound that becomes warm and dark when playing low notes, but bright and piercing when playing high notes. The clarinet has a range of 3 octaves and can play all semitones between an E three ledger lines below the staff, to a D two ledger lines above the staff.

Leadership Management at Merck Co free essay sample

Effects of Leadership in the Management Strategies of Merck and Company, Inc. Rana Satnani MGT-330 Management: Theory, Practice, and Application. July 2, 2010 Carolyn Harrison There lies a division in the business world between managers who do things right and leaders who do the right things (Bennis, 2007, p. 13). The primary difference between good managers and fantastic leaders is the ability to take risks and make independent decisions. Ethical leadership is more important today than ever with the rising effects of globalization on management across borders. Corporations like Merck Company Pharmaceuticals learn this lesson by hriving with superb management through crises. The impact of excellent leadership shows when companies prove they can survive and learn from problems. Merck has a long history of working ethically to improve the health and well-being of the world population. The company started by Dr. Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering in Berlin in 1827 and opened for business in America in 1891 (Merck, 2010). Merck scientists are responsible for many important health care contributions, from the discovery of Vitamin 81, the first measles vaccine, antacids, to the first statins used to reduce cholesterol. Merck also takes pride in their commitment to animal ealth, revolutionizing veterinary science with the introduction of most pet medicines used today, such as antibiotics, and vaccines. Doctors worldwide await the annual publishing of the Merck Manual, providing valuable information on medicines and health conditions. Merging with Schering-Plough in 1971, Merck has evolved into the second largest pharmaceutical company in the world (Merck, 2010). Management builds on ethical leaders To survive in progressively more competitive markets, companies have to attract and maintain excellent leaders to guide their companies in attaining objectives. Innovation and creativity lead managers to develop into powerful leaders, bringing inspiration to the staff and ingenuity to problem-solving processes. To produce managers with the highest potential for leadership, higher education institutes have a responsibility to focus on developing students ability to learn and plan for a lifetime of leadership. No longer can business management students simply study the technical aspects of business. According to Mabey (2008), the best graduate programs in America must ask two questions to strengthen the foundations of management learning: (1) What managerial competencies, i. . , knowledge, skills, and personal attitudes do educated managers need to act successfully in todays rapidly changing business environment ? (2) How do we learn, teach, and assess effectively in management education? (p. 147). We are observing the best managers graduating from Masters of Business Administration programs in which students prepare with lifelong learning abilities coupled with interpersonal skills that inspire them to lead their employees to greatness. Clearly good managers can accomplish objectives, yet excellent leaders always questions why things are done the way they are and can ecognize the significance of thinking creatively and from an open-minded perspective. A prosperous organization must embolden leaders to make ethical decisions to be effective for the long-term future in the corporate world. Velasquez (2006) states when employees believe an organization is Just, they are more willing to follow the organizations managers, do what managers say, and see managers leadership as legitimate. In short, ethics are a key component of effective management (p. 41). One strategy for effective leadership is always to act with ethics as the primary objective. This strategy works because empowering ones ubordinates will help a manager complete his or her objectives, but acting as an ethical leader will earn trust and loyalty from the team. Both empowerment and ethics are what differentiates a manager from a leader. Leadership at Merck Company. Merck Pharmaceuticals takes much pride in the way their company manages because ethical leadership promotes high-performance and company loyalty. In 2007, Merck introduced new employee leadership standards along the same line as the business strategy and Code of Conduct (Merck, 2010). These Leadership Standards evolve from previous guiding principles and rules focused on four oundational ideas: innovation, inspiration, impact and integration with Mercks values (Merck, 2010, p. ). As the fastest growing pharmaceutical company in developing countries, a positive working environment with the foundation in the following managerial principles from Mercks Core Values website (2010): 1 . We are a unified Company, with all employees sharing in the mission of improving global health. 2. We share a strong core of ethics and integrity. 3. We put patients and customers first. 4. We value di versity and inclusion as essential, integrated elements of our culture and leadership. 5. We demonstrate scientific, business and operational excellence. 6. We are results-driven and highly competitive. 7. We are empowered to make decisions and hold ourselves accountable for the outcomes. 8. We innovate and take appropriate risks. 9. We value feedback and learn from our successes and our mistakes. 10. We encourage debate and communicate candidly and respectfully. 11. We are efficient and agile, and responsive to change (Merck, 2010, p. 1). Because the essence of pharmaceutical companies is keeping people healthy, these companies have serious ethical dilemmas they must conquer on a regular basis, using ethical leadership. For example, in 1987 Merck scientists discovered a cure for river blindness, a debilitating disease predominantly diagnosed in low- income countries in Africa and South America, where people could not afford the cost of the drug. Merck leadership decided the company must donate the medicine to victims of river blindness because it was the ethical decision. The company has donated more than 2. 5 billion tablets of Mectizanw since discovery of the cure in 1987 (Merck, 2010). Ethical leadership may have cost the company billions in cost of production but is a valuable commitment that gained trust and loyalty from onsumers worldwide. Globalization leads managers and to make tough moral decisions with the potential best outcome, so it is easy to see why Merck is the leading pharmaceutical company in third world countries. Public relations in a time of crisis Another strategy for superior leadership is through Mercks history of handling crisis situations with honesty and fairness. By actively learning from successes and mistakes, Merck can be proactive about problems before they become worst case scenarios. A perfect example of the leadership approach is Mercks massive Vioxx withdrawal and subsequent recall of 2004. The withdrawal of the highly profitable arthritis and pain medicine resulted from a study designed to test the effectiveness of Vioxx in preventing potentially cancerous colon polyps, but which had also shown that the medication doubled patients risk of heart attacks and strokes (Merck, 2010, p. 1). The accidental finding must lead to a decision that has a basis in research, executive decisions, board notification and concurrence, and communication with regulators (Merck, 2010, p. 1). Of course this type of development can lead to disastrous consequences, but how the company handles it is vital. Following the Vloxx withdrawal announcement, several class action lawsuits were set, Merck shares fell 27%, the companys equity market capitalization decreased by $25 billion, and public outcry began for resignation of chief executive officer, Raymond Gilmartin (Merck, 2010). Interestingly, Merck management and directors handle crises with honesty and grace, by requesting the public to listen. Instead of hiding behind press releases and public relations counseling, Gilmartin appeared on several globally syndicated television programs to apologize and explain the situation. Gilmartins immediate transparency and open communication eased the consequences of a potentially negative development or scandal for Merck. This well-articulated strategy of active leadership shows employees and consumers proper communication, learning from mistakes and ethical standards will lead to long-term growth, profitability and a work environment that retains superior, trustworthy management. Globalization is a challenge An increasingly globalized business world leads to amplified competition and a need for superior leadership. As companies expand to overseas operations, they face he burden of more responsibility, challenge, and operating leeway than they might have at home (Bateman, 2009, p. 235). International leadership has the burden of bridging the gap through developing an understanding of cultural issues in foreign lands. Because of inherent ethnocentrism, American executives have to deal with his or her own lack of awareness and closed-mindedness to be successful managers abroad. Bateman (2009) warns that managers who lack an innate sense of compassion and understanding for others will rarely succeed on the global scale. With a working knowledge of human psychology and cultural studies, managers are ore apt to become international corporate leaders. Some industries have to pay extra attention and effort into ensuring their company is fitting into a foreign cultures laws, rules, and societal norms. Pharmaceutical firms are one of the business types that must be extraordinarily sensitive to societal expectations because without public approval, Mercks products cannot succeed in a competitive market. By signing on to the United Nations Global Compact, the worlds largest corporate citizenship initiative, the firm confirms its dedication to support the Compacts 10 guidelines in the areas of human rights, abor, environment, and anti-corruption (Merc 2009, p. 1) According to Bateman (2009), despite differences across cultures, research shows that most people live by a set of five core values: compassion, fairness, honesty, responsibility, and respect for others (p. 241). These values are not Just from Mercks mission statement and Code of Conduct, but through the companys actions, policies, and decisions. Conclusion Managers can learn about leadership from examining the innovative history of corporate pharmaceutical giant, Merck Company. Through the adoption of trong ethical guidelines, Leadership Standards, and the Merck Code of Conduct, the company has set an example of companies seeking leadership growth and development. Because of the demands of an increasingly competitive and globalized market, companies can implement strategies with a basis in open communication, cultural awareness, and corporate responsibility. http://www.merck.com/about/featured-stories/mectizan.html http://www.csrwire.com/ http://reports.swissre.com/corporate-responsibility-report/2016/cr-report/our-people/compensation-and-benefits.html

Affiliate, Franchise, and al-Qaeda

Affiliate, Franchise, and al-Qaeda Affiliate, Franchise, and al-Qaeda Affiliate, Franchise, and al-Qaeda By Maeve Maddox The first time I heard the expression al-Qaeda franchise, I ran to the dictionary. Surely, I thought, that cant be a correct use of the word franchise. The word franchise can be used with more than one meaning, of course. When we say that American women obtained the franchise in 1920, we mean that they obtained the right to vote. To enfranchise a person can mean either to confer the right to vote on a person or, in the context of servitude, to give a person his freedom. Since 1959, the noun franchise has been used with the meaning authorization by a company to sell its products or services. In 1966 it acquired the sense of commercial licensing. We speak of sports franchises, hotel franchises, and restaurant franchises. In every type of franchise, a business relationship exists in which an authorizing entity confers rights to operate some kind of business according to specified rules in exchange for a licensing fee. The noun affiliate is used in a similar way. An affiliate company is one that is related to another in a subordinate way. Koch Nitrogen Company and its affiliates are collectively one of the worlds largest producers and marketers of nitrogen fertilizers. Online marketing makes use of affiliate sellers who may promote a companys product on their websites for a percentage of its selling price, or who may sell their own products on a site owned by a large company to which they pay a percentage of their earnings. With both franchises and affiliates theres a mutually recognized and acknowledged business relationship, and money changes hands. It seems to me that the journalistic trend of referring to just any nest of terrorists as al-Qaeda affiliates or franchises is counterproductive. I understand the rationale for wanting a term that enables one to talk about copycat bombers without conveying the idea that al-Qaeda is more widespread and powerful than in fact it is. According to BBC writer John Simpson, BBC security correspondent Frank Gardner popularised the notion that, far from being a clear-cut organisation with executives and an international membership, al-Qaeda was like a franchise. Any effort to strip al-Qaeda of its bogeyman mystique is a step in the right direction, but using words that make us think of MacDonalds or Amazon.com may not be the best way to go about it. Unless a group like the one in Yemen that tried to send bombs to Chicago really is organized, funded, or sponsored by al-Qaeda, why not just call it an extremist group? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Acronym vs. Initialism5 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers

Methods Of Data Gathering Social Work Essays

Methods Of Data Gathering Social Work Essays Methods Of Data Gathering Social Work Essay Methods Of Data Gathering Social Work Essay Understanding how the construct of adult females s authorization is interpreted and implemented on the land in Burundi nowadayss many challenges, in portion because the construct is so wide. There are a figure of organisations in Burundi that claim to advance adult females s empowerment including: Action Aid, CAFOB ( Collectif des Associations et ONGs Feminines du Burundi ) , ADDF ( Association pour La Defense des Droits de la Femme ) , CDF ( Centre de Developpement Familial ) and Dushirehamwe. Given my reappraisal of the literature on gender and development, adult females s authorization and micro-finance, I was interested in happening out how environmental, agricultural and micro-finance concerns were combined in specific undertakings, and the peculiar challenges that such undertakings present for adult females in Burundi, NGO staff, authorities functionaries and for current theories of gender and development. In footings of methodological analysis, I adopted a instance survey attack. Due to both limited clip in the field and my positionality as an employee of one NGO -Floresta in Rutana, Burundi working on adult females s authorization. This has contributed to my cognition of these issues by covering with those challenges. The instance survey is a relevant method as it allows research workers to retain the holistic and meaningful features of the real-life events ( Yin 2009:4 ) . However, trusting on instance surveies for research still remains a challenge in the societal scientific disciplines because the instance surveies use multiple beginnings of grounds. My focal point on Floresta helped me understand how adult females s authorization is understood and practiced in Rutana Province, replying the first of my research inquiries. The sub-questions chiefly concentrate on how Floresta defines the construct of adult females s authorization and what are the factors associated with adult femal es s authorization in the rural Burundi country ( Rutana ) . The sub-questions are linked to my chief inquiry because adult females ( donees of Floresta Project ) and the organisation s ain readings of adult females s authorization were used to specify the construct. I was able to talk with the caput of gender plans in authorities to better understand how the Ministry of Gender Promotion defined the construct of adult females s authorization. Interestingly, the authorities s definition of empowerment relates extremely to political engagement, nevertheless, many adult females have non even been able to go to school and are husbandmans ( 70 % ) . 4.2 Choice of Floresta as a instance survey As a citizen of Burundi, this subject is of peculiar importance to me, and presents an chance for me to portion with the reader the rural twenty-four hours life of adult females in Rutana. When I finish my university surveies, I will return to full-time work with Floresta ; as I worked at that place antecedently. The advantages of working with this organisation for my research are many, including easy entree to paperss and studies and my acquaintance with the staff for beging interviews. The disadvantage of choosing Floresta as a instance survey include issues of being excessively influenced by the organisation s position of development because of holding worked there and the job of rural adult females respondents cognizing that I work with Floresta and therefore supplying responses that they think will delight the organisation. Other challenges include the inaccessibility of some adult females because of their busy agendas. I reported twice a meeting with one of the associations. My interviews with rural adult females were conducted in Kirundi and my interviews with NGO/associations, Floresta staff and others were in French. Translation from Kirundi to English and from French to English was disputing. 4.3. Background of Floresta Floresta is the lone NGO in Rutana that uses an incorporate activities attack ( uniting agribusiness with a microcredit plan ) . Floresta has been at the service of communities since 1984 in the Dominican Republic and extended its services to other states including Haiti, Mexico, Tanzania, Thailand, and Burundi. The mission of Floresta, as a Christian non-profit organisation, is to change by reversal deforestation and poorness in the universe, by transforming the lives of the rural hapless. Through instruction, Floresta develops communities by promoting hapless husbandmans to take ownership of their ain jobs, and gives them the assurance to use solutions. Advanced agribusiness and forestry systems enable rural husbandmans to do the best possible usage of the resources that they already possess . ( Floresta Burundi, Annual Rapport 2009 ) . Floresta Teachs and promotes agro forestry, re-afforestation, dirt preservation, and a host of other sustainable techniques. Furthermore, through community loans, Floresta helps people to come on beyond bare subsistence, every bit good as to diversify small town economic systems as the most effectual manner to contend poorness. In October 2008, Floresta Burundi was officially registered in Burundi as a national NGO under no. 530/1076 of 22nd October 2008. The Board of Directors, made up of 7 members ( 3 adult females and 4 work forces ) was formed. Staff enlisting and an office were officially opened in Rutana in November 2008. Floresta was registered with the Ministry of Finance for Professional Income revenue enhancement ( IPR ) under no. 2636164022 and with National Social Security ( INSS ) under no 100861. Floresta intervened in five states ( Rutana, Bururi, Makamba, Bujumbura rural and Bubanza ) out of 17 in Rutana, in five out of six communes ( Rutana, Giharo, Bukemba, Gitanga and Musongati ) . ( Ibid.2009:3 ) Second, I focus my research on rural adult females in the Floresta s associations in Rutana Province ( South of Burundi ) because most of the members are returnees and refugees coming from Tanzania and the bulk were adult females. Conflict related force affected physical, psychological, economic, societal, and cultural conditions of both work forces and adult females. Womans were peculiarly affected by sexual force, the loss of their kids and hubbies, supplanting into cantonments for refugees, and displaced individuals, and sometimes forced into armed forces. The direct and indirect force led to a broad array of negative effects such as stigmatisation of victims of colza, who contracted sexual transmitted diseases ( HIV/AIDS ) , suffered unwanted gestations. These jobs are aggravated by the patriarchal system of Burundian society and the absence of equal province and actions to turn to them. A widow can non have belongings that originally belonged to the household of her asleep hubby . This is exacerbated by Torahs, peculiarly refering land ownership, disfavoring adult females in respect to inheritance rights. Map 1.1 Map of Burundi turn uping states where Floresta is being implemented Beginning: Adapted by the research worker 4.4 Methods of informations assemblage The information for this survey was collected during a seven-week field visit to Burundi that took topographic point from the 14th of July to the 27th of August in 2012. My analysis focuses on four communes: Giharo and Gitanga ( old partnerships with Floresta ) , Musongati and Bukemba ( recent partnerships with Floresta ) . These communes portion similar issues of economic exposure, nutrient insecurity, and the stigmatisation of adult females, force, and gender inequality. I interviewed 29 cardinal donees involved in adult females s authorization. In add-on to taking a instance survey attack, I employed qualitative methods to obtain information from a scope of beginnings. 4.4.1. Data aggregation techniques This research employed a qualitative attack, utilizing semi-structured interviews, focal point groups, and observation. I used a qualitative attack to analyze the links between rural adult females s position and Floresta s activities. Secondary stuffs Secondary informations such as newspapers and internal memos in Floresta were helpful for this undertaking because they allowed the research worker an insider s position in the organisation. Primary research with people: The class of respondents that were relevant to my research includes: Other NGOs that promote adult females s authorization Staff from the Ministry of Gender Promotion Floresta staff Womans donees Representatives from the provincial Department of Agriculture and Livestock Representatives of the micro-credit strategy Primary information was collected in two stages ; the first visit was used to reach and form cardinal sources for the interviews and concentrate group. In footings of research topics, I divided them harmonizing to their functions and the sorts of inquiries that I hoped that they would reply. While each group of histrions helps inform the constructs, schemes, and patterns of adult females s authorization, their actions, demands, and involvements differ from each other. Specifically, I interviewed 12 adult females, including NGO members ( 5 ) , authorities ( 1 ) , agribusiness and Microfinance sectors representatives ( 2 ) , Floresta staff ( 6 ) , the Governor of Rutana Province ( 1 ) and the staff in the Provincial section of agribusiness and farm animal in the state to understand and turn up their positions and patterns around the construct of adult females s authorization. Interviews The research interview is based on a conversation about day-to-day life ( Kvale and Brinkmann 2009 ) . Much of the qualitative work in this paper was collected through targeted interviews with open-ended inquiries. As stated above, a assortment of cardinal histrions included authorities establishments, different mediators, and private sector organisations, both involved and non involved with Floresta Burundi. In entire, 27 interviews were conducted ( for a complete list see Appendix 2 ) . By questioning cardinal histrions in adult females s authorization, I compared the constructs, definitions, and patterns of adult females s authorization in relation to development. I interviewed a mix of six associations ( twelve members ) to look into the construct of adult females s authorization in Rutana Province. My inquiries focused on bing associations environing adult females s authorization, its germinating definition over clip, and what it might look like in the rural context. Focus Groups A focal point group is a type of interview with about 4 to 12 people ( O Leary, 2010 ) . The primary end of focal point treatment is to travel in deepness of sentiments that will originate in the direct inquiring. For my instance, my focal point group was composed by adult females ( 4 ) and work forces ( 6 ) . It was enlightening acquiring to cognize the work forces s sentiments environing adult females s authorization, and farther edifying analyzing how focus group responses differed from one on one interviews. What I found, was that the disagreements in replies could be attributed to donees non desiring to belie the dominant patriarchal system in forepart of others. Observation In order to guarantee triangulation, I used a direct observation that ranged from formal to insouciant informations aggregation activities ( yin, 2009: 199 ) . As those sorts of studies have neer been done before by Floresta, I used this method in meetings and field visits. Observation is frequently utile in supplying extra information about the subject being studied. I agree with O Leary, that the observation allows you to acquire a sense of world and work through the complexnesss of societal interaction. 4.5 Ethical motives While there is no institutional reappraisal procedure here at ISS, I guarantee that the findings are existent and do be in the field every bit good as the beginnings ( secondary and primary informations used ) . The ethical guidelines of ISS have been followed in my research. Anonymity was ensured, so that this papers can be used by Floresta in the hereafter for other intents. In respects to carry oning the study, I ensured informed consent was received from the host staff of NGOs and community members. In the focal point group, ethical issues were respected such as gender equilibrium and hierarchal power dealingss. I was guaranting that adult females were allowed to talk every bit much as work forces. Harmonizing to OLearly ( 2010 ) , confidentiality involves protecting the individuality of those who provide to the researcher their informations. For my instance, the adult females I interviewed wanted to keep privateness because there exists a possibility that the paper can be used in the hereafter by Floresta. 4.6 Restrictions of the research I did non acquire the chance to speak to some other International Organizations such as UN Women ( United Nations Women ) which claim to advance adult females s authorization. However, I spoke to one International ONG in Burundi.

Effects of Video Games Upon Children and Their Behavior in the Real Research Paper

Effects of Video Games Upon Children and Their Behavior in the Real Life in the USA - Research Paper Example However, despite providing jobs and improving the economy, parents and organizations are concerned about the vast negative effects it has in the American society. Organizations such as the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and the American Academy of Pediatrics state that, vulnerability to violent media, such as video games, can lead to real-life destructive behavior and harm minors in other ways (â€Å"Violent Video Games and Young People,† Harvard.edu). 2. Types of Video Games There are eight main categories of video games namely; action, adventure and role playing, arcade, strategy, simulation, driving and puzzle. a. Action: They are characterized by excessive violence and are generally fast-paced. Majority of mature-rated games fall under this category so they are not appropriate for children. Mild games in this category have suggestive themes. These games may depict a human being against another human being or a human being against an alien or an animal (C aruana, V., Caruana, C., and Bruner, focusonthefamily.com). b. Adventure and Role Playing: These games contain an element of fantasy. They are less violent and less graphic than action games. However, they do contain some level of violence. c. Arcade: Games in this category range from being violent to classic. d. Strategy: These games require the making of tactical movements by the players. They have no violence making them suitable for children but they are quite difficult to play. e. Simulation: Games in this category mainly consist of aircraft simulations. Majority of their themes revolve around destroying enemies. f. Driving: Most of these games involve racing, however, there are a few that are mission-based. Players initially choose car, and with time, they get better and better... This report approves that the impact of exposure to violence in games has become a matter of concern. According to statistics, majority of American teenagers own their own computer or video games and spend approximately five to thirteen hours a week playing these games. This essay makes a conclusion that video games have a prominent place in the culture of the United States. With the passing of time, video games have evolved in many ways. Today, they come with a range of categories from the most violent to the harmless. However, all these games carry some level of harm that mainly depends on the amount of time spent playing them. This has led to concerns about potential harms and effects in the usage of video games. Despite having a number of benefits, the use of video games has been found to contain vast negative effects. Consequently, federal and state laws have been formulated to control these harmful effects and especially on children and teenagers. Parental control is essential to decrease the negative effects of video games on minors. Parents should therefore keep a closer eye on the kinds of video games their children play. Controlling the number of hours children and teenagers spend playing video game is also a positive step towards controll ing their harmful effects. It is not clear how inappropriate video games get to inappropriate audience in the United States. Therefore, there is need for more reviews, tougher laws and censorship to control this.

Does Third Cinema Still Exist or Has Already Died Essay

Does Third Cinema Still Exist or Has Already Died - Essay Example The term ‘Third Cinema’ was coined by in the 1960s by two filmmakers from Argentina: Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino. In 1968, after jointly directing a film: La Hora de los Hornos (Hour of the Furnaces), Solanas and Getino wrote their manifesto known as hacia un tercer cine (towards a third cinema). There the authors had identified three categories of cinema: the First, the Second and the Third World Cinema. The Third Cinema is a form of opposition to the film making institutions of the dominating nations of the world. For this reason, it has also been described as ‘militant cinema’. The Third Cinema is defined by its director’s conception of the world. It is not determined by the genre of the film or any particular political viewpoint expressed by the cinema. This kind of cinema first flourished in the 1960s. This was precisely the time when many colonized countries were rising in protest in the form of their National Liberalization Struggle aga inst their western colonial powers. During this period, a group of film makers from the third world countries started making a new king of cinema. These were dynamic and politically stimulating films that represented the way of life and the political resistance in these less developed nations. Though these films were made on a variety of different themes, they were very different from contemporary western cinema. The directors of the Third Cinema wanted to provide expressions to the dissatisfied citizens of the third world countries who were already voicing their opinions on the economic and political exploitations of the western powers. Third Cinema provided the platform where people were allowed to argue, struggle and make experimental films which were a contrast to the usual entertaining cinema that was popular around the world. Solanos and Getino in their manifesto (1969) stated: â€Å"In the dependent countries, third cinema is a cinema of decolonization, which expresses the w ill to national liberation, anti-mythic, anti-racist, anti-bourgeois and popular†.              Ã‚  

Collapse of the Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collapse of the Societies - Essay Example He has clearly mentioned out that more than climatic variations; a society’s attitude towards addressing the environmental problems plays a key role in the demise of the society. It depends on the people and the government that how they consider it and what measures they take it in response to those environmental problems. He has stressed upon one factor that it depends on the society to choose its fate; to fail or to succeed. He has clearly mentioned that there are some societies that have sustained themselves even in the hard times such as Japan and on the other hand, there are some societies that have totally collapsed such as Somalia or Zimbabwe or those societies which are closer to collapse such as Nepal. According to him, we can learn from their downfall that what were the key factors that played a significant role in their collapse and then we can make an analysis of our selves that where are we standing today; near to collapse or we are already collapsed. Further Diam ond has identified that environmental problems are due to the irresponsible attitude of the humans. Humans have been the basic cause of societal collapse such as in case of Vikings; who happened to cause a lot of damage to their environment such as they caused soil erosion, they wilding cut the trees as a result deforestation occurred and the gradually the environmental problems and climatic changes occurred which caused inevitable damage to the overall society and hence a point came when those societies were swept off from the world. In other words we can say that, human interaction with its environment play an important role in determining the fate of a society. Here Jared has quoted the example of Montana which was a prosperous state with sound environmental conditions in USA. But today, the societal pattern of Montana has completely collapsed. It is one of the poorest states with unstable environmental conditions. The climate of Montana is getting warmer with no proper action pl an or government plan. However, we can say that today Montana’s invulnerable condition is becoming a threat to the overall United States. On the other hand, Jared sees that some of the societies collapse when they reach their peak such as Soviet Union. According to him Soviet Union faced a sudden decline in the time when USSR was in its greatest power. According to him, the main causes in such sudden collapse may be the mismatch between the resources available and their consumption or it could be a mismatch between economic potential and economic plans. There are some environmental factors that make some societies fragile than other societies. According to him there are two basic factors that cause a society to collapse such as conflict between the short term decision making interest of the elites and long term interest of the society as a whole. Whatever that is good in the interest of the elites for short term could turn out to be worst for the society in the long run. The American society could suffer from the same consequences from their governed bodies and business elites. It is imperative for the societies to understand all the problems and to take effective measures in addressing these problems. Addressing one problem would not be sufficient enough to tackle and overcome the issue of collapsing societies but it is highly important that all the problems should be highlighted and addressed on time to avoid collapse. Analysis

The Traveller Gypsies Book Review English Language Essay

The Traveller Gypsies Book Review English Language Essay Judith Oakley is a social anthropologist who has spent a lot of her life researching into many aspects of native life forms; one of the most popular pieces of work was her work conducted around Traveller-Gypsies. Oakley wrote her book Gypsy-Travellers and published it in 1983; it represents the everyday life of Gypsy-Travellers and their struggle under the domination of a bigger society. The study conducted by Oakley occurred in the 1960s around England and understandings of Gypsy-Travellers throughout history have provided us with the ideology that they have always been vagrant people travelling freely. However, in this book, Oakley noted how Gypsy-Travellers living in Britain in the 1960s had to deal with numerous laws imposed by governments that would restrict their mobility and vanquish them from their true identity. Oakley is in constant teaching mode, and is always on the lookout for something new to write about the Gypsy-Travellers, something that was unknown to the public. One problem that has always affected the studies of Gypsies would be the definition of what a gypsy actually is; while some believe it to be thought of in terms of purity of blood, others would regard it as social population, rather than an ethnic marvel, which should be such dealt with using social manners. One definition of a Gypsy would be One inclined to a nomadic, unconventional way of life. (TheFreeDictionary, 2012). These people are the Gypsies that Okelys book refers to, and her outlook in regards to their identity underlies much of her approach to the subject; it is a common theme throughout the book, and one is left realising, that the author never presents a clear definition of what a  Gypsy  actually is, how the meaning of the word has changed over time, with new laws and regulations being put in place and holding these people back, and how they are seen in todays society. While this seems to be the main weakness of the text, Oakley does include how Gypsies live and s hows how Gorgios are perceived and acted upon and against, including how Gypsies compare themselves to Gorgios within the community. Oakleys text starts by her introducing herself and what she was doing at the time she wrote the book, using things she learned from other people; for example, she found that to some people pierced ears were the only way to get to heaven, which was further believed to improve vision for Traveller-Gypsies, as she found out when questioning some of the people she lived with. Oakley uses numerous lists to show which people helped her make her book happen; thanking many people on the way, listing who gave her advice, who proof-read the book and who composed the final drafts to send off for publishing. She thanks the newspapers for allowing her to use their content as a regard to keep anonymity between those she was living with. Finally, she thanks the Traveller-Gypsies she was living with for being her guides and providing her with friendship and laughter. This all adds up to show how much she appreciates the work of other people when trying to get her own work together; it shows she has faith in the team of people she worked with and how she would trust them to help make her work successful. The table of contents seems to show the author as writing the book chronologically; from writing about what was historically believed, to self-ascribing themselves to be a Traveller-Gypsy. It finalises by listing how Gypsies travel, in what and with whom; before writing about relationships and defining the role of the traveller women. Additionally, it lists terms Oakley used, which she came across when in the company of the traveller-gypsies, at the end of the book for readers ease of understanding their language. In personal opinion, chronologically ordering the table of contents seems to be a practical form of organisation as it shows how things have progressed throughout time, including any historical changes through research and the development of greater understandings. Furthermore, it allows for the reader to have a greater impression of how the people in the text live, what their means of transport is and how it has changed, and why these people live in the way that they do (b e it economic reasons or political). Oakleys study is divided into twelve chapters and a conclusion, which appears to be written in a well-structured way. The first chapter addresses the history of Gypsy studies and invites popular misconceptions to be looked upon in a formal manner; this continues to be looked into in chapter two. Chapter three shows an insight into how Oakley planned to conduct her research and includes material that was proven to be valuable at the time of her study. Next, chapter four narrates the place of the British Gypsy within the economic system and includes non-Gypsy alliances with work contracts. Identity issues are further raised in chapter five, where self-ascription is discussed in detail. Chapter six entails dealings with maintenance of the boundaries between Gypsy and non-Gypsy, or Gorgio; this same chapter also deals with the concept of things considered as ritually impure, which would usually be associated with Gorgios and their way of life further looked upon in chapter eleven. Chapt er seven offers realistic pictures of the attitudes presented to Gypsies, including their way of life and means of livelihood, from Gorgios; further, it shows the ways Gorgios deal with providing the populations accommodation. Chapter eight shows Oakley dealing with both the reality and myth of Gypsies as Traveller kind, and points out from the start that Gypsies do not travel about aimlessly, as either the romantics or the anti-Gypsy suggest (p. 125). Chapters nine and ten show how marriage, kinship, husband-wife relationships and children are dealt with, including how a marriage is chosen and why. The eleventh chapter had explored the role of women in a British Romany society and includes a detailed discussion of the differences between Gypsy and Gorgio women, including stereotypes. The final chapter, chapter twelve, deals with death, superstition and religion; however, these are not discussed in great depth further analysis of these would have allowed the reader a greater unders tanding when looking into how these things affect a Gypsies lifestyle. In her concluding remarks, Oakley notes how she can not necessarily conclude her chapter as she did not initially make a hypothesis. She relates to how gypsies are seen as trouble as they are kinds who refuse to settle and work for a living, unlike those who are already inhabited in an area do; they refuse to become proletarianised within the community. It also states how although they travel, Traveller-Gypsies do give a community something they could not otherwise get without their aid, whether that is positive for the community or negative. Further, she states how differentiating between gypsy and Gorgio is not always easy, but the gypsy culture has not always been accepted, as it may be led to be believed. The study was also a way to measure how gypsies deal with the way society treats them by shunning them; it records the responses and retaliations of Traveller-Gypsies. A lot of gypsies would refuse Gorgio access to their lives, yet it is needed in order for them to gain a good n ame and understanding of what they do; without this they would be continually forced out of societies and would never have the possibility of being accepted into particular societies. The concluding remarks in this book encloses a statement which seems to be of importance; Outsiders have projected onto Gypsies their own repressed fantasies and longings for disorder . . . this study has confronted such fantasies (1983, p.232). From what has been read in her book, Oakley uses herself as the narrator of the text, she writes about what she found as and when it happened; using any information she received and where it originated from. Additionally, the text written in the book has historical facts about the Traveller-Gypsies and how they have come to be the people they are; yet Oakley not only includes personal opinions on the matters, but personal experiences she has lived through whilst living within the Gypsy community. This gives the reader an understanding of what was happening at the time of the study as they are able to empathise, not only with Oakley, but with the Traveller-Gypsies as they dealt with any struggles they faced. Oakley uses present tense within her writing with phrases such as it is presumed (p. 52) rather than the past tense it was; this gives the reader to believe the books authenticity as it allows for both periods of time and shows comparisons between the two. In regards to the writin g style, it would most likely be suited for collegial or university students, or in particular those more advanced in this field of study, as the writing seems formal yet it contains academic information that may prove a challenge to those looking onto the subject from a less-educated point of view. For example, the way parts of the text have been written; in some parts, Oakley has referred to previous studies, a lot of them her own work, which may be identified as confusing for a student at any lower level of education, as they may be unable to understand parts of the text through the amount of referencing that is place. The author has a distinctive personal style, it is formal, yet informal; Oakley uses evidence in her statements then puts up an opinionated argument against what she says, which additionally helps the reader understand what is being said. With her interpreting the gypsy lifestyle, Oakley tends to use their jargon in her work, for example, using Gorgios to show a non-gypsy person in the gypsy life, of which are defined and listed in the back of the book. Any accounts that are included in the book are based on personal visits to the community, therefore there may be misinterpretations within what has been said as a communication breakdown may have occurred; further, Oakley may be using bias information when trying to put a point across as there were no other researchers to object to her motives. This doesnt help with the fact that she may not be putting up a believable argument, which seems to be one of the main criticisms against this text with their only being Oakley to refer to. How ever, with this being said, her text does include references to previous works from both herself and other former anthropologists in which she has used to back up some of her sources. Her studied natives were collectively anonymous in her work; however, she does use some forms of individuality. She uses one person rather than names as the people wishes to remain anonymous, which she accepted; phrases of which the people would want to be called are used, i.e. one traveller said, rather than a person told me. It does come across as the travellers she was living with have their own voice in the ethnography; she introduces them before using their quotes, giving the reader a sense of character; however, found in the notes are individual names of the Travellers she lives with and what wise words; they gave her to help her live within the community once she was accepted. This gives a greater sense of character for the individuals as although they were not specifically named in the text, they did have an involvement at the end of the book. Overall Oakley had provided a positive piece of text, with the main criticism being that her argument was not necessarily defined; her own personal meaning of what a Traveller-Gypsy was had never been noted thus it was unable to be validated in todays society as definitions have further changed since her period of study. Suitably, this text is informative and gives vital information upon how Traveller-Gypsies used to live previous to any laws and regulations stopping them performing certain tasks within a community. Word Count: 2,006

Philosophical Anthropology Essays -- Philosophy Essays

Philosophical Anthropology ABSTRACT: Philosophers cannot avoid addressing the question of whether philosophical anthropology (that is, specifically philosophical inquiry about human nature and human phenomenon) is possible. Any answer must be articulated in the context of the nature and function of philosophy. In other words, philosophical anthropology must be defined as an account of the nature of the subject of philosophical thinking. I argue that if philosophical thinkers admit that they are beings in nature, culture, and history, then the possibility of a uniquely philosophical theory of human nature and human phenomenon should be discarded. Rather, philosophy's catalytic and integrative role in human cognition should be stressed. Anthropological interests on the part of philosophers can be explained on different levels. Since thinking in general is reflective, philosophical thinkers must naturally be interested in understanding the nature of humans, which they themselves are, including the nature of their own thinking. But non-philosophical theorists can also be reflective enough to seek an understanding of human nature and the nature of their characteristic thinking. On a deeper level, with their realization that cognitive functions including philosophical thinking are characteristically human, philosophers may come to reflect upon how such functions are conditioned by human conditions. But such conditions can be addressed by empirical sciences as well, sometimes with greater methodological care or seriousness than can be found among some philosophers, as in cognitive psychology or cultural anthropology. If, in the course of the development of philosophy as a discipline, human experience becomes the primary thematic ... ...y is partly explainable by different influences from outside philosophy. The juxtaposition and comparison of, for instance, the views of Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Marx and Nietzsche on human nature should make us despair of finding a philosophical essence of anthropological views. The distinct contribution that philosophy as a discipline can make to the understanding of humans is not so much special content or even a method as its ethos of valuing critical thinking and integration of human knowledge. Philosophical anthropology, as a special area of a unique discipline, should be held suspect. There only is a dimension to each inquiry where many, if not all, of the questions philosophers raise are significant. The mission of philosophy is to make all human inquiries, including the anthropological, maximally reflective in the given cultural situation.

Final Gay Marriage Essay

Gay marriage should be legal because as woman and man, all individuals have the same right in society; because same-sex couples can constitute a good based family; because it is just a way to make official a common union nowadays, even with the religious issue; because it is not related to polygamy; and because love matters and it does not differ in nature according to the sex of its object or the person who experiences it. The first reason why same sex marriage should be legal is because it is fair for all individuals to have the same rights in society. With the end of sodomy laws, a recent decision of the U.  S. Supreme Court, conservatives have lost their last excuse to write off gay lives and love as unworthy of social accommodation. But whatever ones feel about the reasoning of the decision, its results is clear: gay Americans are no longer criminals. Even if they were, as murderers on death row that have the constitutional right to marriage, they should have too. Marriage is a very sacred arrangement. It is a lifetime commitment said to be only between man and woman. These two people should love or be in love with each other. Over the years homosexuality has come to the forefront. The question of should homosexuals be allowed to marry each other has had the world in an uproar. Homosexuals, indeed should be able to marry each other with the same benefits as man and woman. Homosexual marriages was made legal for the first time in 2001 by the Netherlands. Canada was the first country to marry Homosexual couples from all nations to formally commit. Extending recognition to non traditional relationships is not an attempt to undermine the family. But rather an effort to recognize today’s realities and to end decimation. Legalizing gay marriages help change and help the lives of so many struggling gay teens. It will reduce depression in gay teens and children. It will give children and teens hope knowing that its okay to marry someone of the same sex. The majority of teenage suicides today are being committed because the child was bullied in school as a result of his/her sexual orientation. The same acceptance that will come about due to legalizing gay marriage will show teens that homosexuality is accepted and respected in society. We need to explain to younger generations that being different (in any aspect of our lives) is not a social disability, so that they will never feel the need to take their own lives because they are gay. In Christianity, marriage is a life long commitment under god. It is well known to many Christians that practicing homosexuality is a major sin. How can a union, which is created for man and woman, under god, bond two partners of the same sex if it is stated in god’s book that it is morally wrong? Homosexuals should be allowed to make a lifetime commitment to their partners, but it should be called something other than marriage and should not be under god. The biggest problem the gay population faces regarding legal marriage is the Christians. A true Christian doesn’t want a married gay couple to have the same title as he and his wife have, because they take the vowel under god seriously. A firm believer would say that a gay marriage is absurd. Homosexuality goes against nature because we were given sexual organs for the purpose of reproduction, not for pleasure. It is believed that homosexuals will be forsaken for committing abominable acts and, through some misinterpretations, also deserve death. When gay pride walks are taking place, some Christians protest this in the name of Jesus. The story of Sodom and Gomorrah, in the bible, is one filled with vivid pictures of the cities’ destruction mainly because of the overindulgence of homosexual freedom. Some Christians believe that can happen again and that the lord will show no mercy. Many diseases can be inherited through anal sex; some say this is a punishment sent from god for the injustice. Legalizing gay marriages will help increase the adoption rate. A lot of gay couples male or female also want to have children but have trouble conceiving. By legalizing gay marriage across all states, adoption agencies will be forced to grant the same respect and rights to homosexual couples. There are over 500,000 children currently living without parents in the United States; gay marriage will increase the chances for thousands of foster children to gain loving parents and families. Americans have negative beliefs about homosexuality. Same sex marriage is a particularly fruitful case for several reasons. Same sex marriages in the USA impinges on deeply held views about sexual morality, family religion and equal rights. A March 20–24 CBS News Poll shows that 53% of Americans support same-sex marriage, 39% oppose, and 8% are undecided. The same poll also finds that 33% of Americans who now think same-sex couples should be allowed to legally marry say they once held the opposite view and have changed their opinion. Homosexuals should have the same privileges as heterosexuals. Need to be allowed not only to get married in any state they live in. According the NCSL (National Conference of State Legislatures) June 27, 2011 here is a list of states that issue marriage licenses to same sex couples. Hawaii was the first state to recognize same-sex marriage. Massachusetts, Connecticut, California, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York and the District of Columbia. States that recognize same-sex marriage from other states are Rhode Island, New York, and Maryland. States that grant nearly all state-level spousal rights to unmarried couples (domestic partnerships) are California, Oregon, Nevada, and Washington. Obtain insurance and benefits through their place of employment. They should be about to make decisions in hospitals for their spouse in case of emergency. States that provide some state level spousal rights to unmarried couples (domestic partnerships) are Hawaii, Maine, Wisconsin and the District of Columbia. With all this being said, I feel you still can’t help you fall in love with whether it be heterosexual or homosexual. In today’s society your going to be judge on a lot of things you do so, I feel that if you care happy with yourself and your sexuality why shouldn’t you be able to express in out in the world. You are no different from anyone else, so you should be treated as a equal. Gay rights are human rights.

The Impact of NDEs upon Those in the Helping Professions

The Impact of NDEs upon Those in the Helping Professions Initial statement Every day, somewhere, a physician, psychiatrist, counselor, or other helping professional is presented with a case of near-death experience (Greyson, 1991).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Impact of NDEs upon Those in the Helping Professions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A near-death experience (NDE) is defined as a â€Å"profound psychological event that occurs when a person is either close to death or faced with circumstances resulting in physical or emotional crisis† (Greyson, 1991, p.488). Near-death experiences contain a pattern of perceptions, which form a complete, identifiable occurrence or experience (Greyson, 1991). Traditionally, when such persons have been forthcoming about their experiences, they â€Å"have received reactions bordering on catastrophic from healthcare providers, family members, friends, and clergy† (Griffith, 2009, p. 36). According to Eben Alexan der, who wrote about his own brush with death in his book, Proof of Heaven published in 2012, members of the medical community are skeptical to say the least about NDEs.â€Å"Scientists have argued that they (NDEs) are impossible†, the well-educated neurosurgeon writes. Alexander knew that near-death experiences seemed real to some of his patients, but he believed they were â€Å"simply fantasies produced by brains under extreme stress before he had a near-death experience† (2012, p. 34). Additionally, Linda Griffith writes, â€Å"NDEs are reported to affect nearly one-third of individuals having a close brush with death; that is about five percent of the United States population† (2009, p. 39).Advertising Looking for proposal on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With these blaring numbers, caregivers need to acknowledge these events, whether real or imagined in order to address the nee ds of those they serve. Researchers agree that near-death experiences can radically change the attitudes, beliefs, and values of individuals who experience them. Acknowledging these experiences offers to help professionals the chance to serve and satisfy the needs of certain patients and clients in a healing crisis. Though most near-death experiences bring about some spiritual awakening, there is much questioning about the reality of such an experience (Zaleski, 2012). With many Christian theologians, the skepticism is extreme, and the stories of near-death experiences are largely ignored or repudiated. Some consider the whole thing a childish interest, a narcissistic pre-occupation that distracts people from the churchs mission in a hurting world (Galli, 2012). Religious clergy and scholars are not the only ones preoccupied about the validity of near-death experiences and the attention given to the subject. Emotions tend to run high regarding subjects that touch on religious doctri ne or established and widely accepted scientific truths. Statement of the Problem Often, individuals who experience NDEs are immediately faced with dismissal and disapproval when sharing their near-death experiences. Particularly distressing to individuals who experience NDEs is the typical situation where friends, family, and those persons they have close, intimate relationships with treat them in this fashion. As previously mentioned, Dr. Eben Alexander was once a skeptic about NDEs until he miraculously came out of a near-death coma in 2008.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Impact of NDEs upon Those in the Helping Professions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He reports that he spent many years â€Å"not getting it†, and after the experience that changed his life perception, he was determined to help those who had a similar story to tell (Wilson, 2013). Helping professionals still fail to consider the effect upon recovery of individuals who experience NDEs, and their resultant adjustment to a major shift in beliefs and values. Raymond A. Moody, a famous investigator of NDEs writes: There is one common element in all near-death experiences: they transform the people who have them. In my twenty years of intense exposure to individuals who have experienced a near-death experience, I have yet to find one who hasn’t had a very deep and positive transformation as a result of his experience (1975, p. 38). Rice speculates, â€Å"Frequently, the first person individuals who experience NDEs speak to after their experience is a nurse, physician, or Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)† (2007, p.7). How the people in these positions react to the shared experiences can have a positive influence on individuals who experience NDEs and their recovery as well. Often, the cases of individuals who experience NDEs are given psychiatric attention due to an associated mental disorder. New and highly broadened beliefs may be difficult to discern from the â€Å"hyper-religiosity associated with mania†. With the guidance and education of a highly trained and aware mental health worker, the patient can differentiate between a religious zeal and the strong feelings of elation stemming from a genuine transcendent experience. Steven Rice, Master of Divinity spent many years as a clergy member who worked closely with seriously ill and dying patients. He claims to be a reformed person because of the stories he has listened to about the near-death experiences of many.Advertising Looking for proposal on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a letter to the editor, in a professional journal, he expresses his thanks to readers for the support of his article, â€Å"Supporting a Patient After a Near-death Experience†. Also in the letter, Rice shares his desire to learn more about how the experience has made a person feel, and what the experience has done for the person. Rice exclaims that terminally ill patients who have experienced NDE are eager to approach their â€Å"impending death or the afterlife, whether or not they consider themselves religious† (2007, p. 8). Apparently, research has focused more on the reality of near-death experiences than it has focused on the after effects of NDEs, the relationships between the NDEs and the influence of attitudes, beliefs, and values of their helping professionals. Thorough research between the relationship of individuals who experience NEDs and their helping professionals (as relates to adjusting to life after a NDE) is an area worthy of study. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to explore the impact and role of the acceptance of NDEs among those in the helping professions concerning the quality of the care they provide to those seeking their care. Research Question What impact do the attitudes, beliefs, and values of helping professionals about near-death experiences make in the care they provide for individuals who have experienced NDEs? Significance of the Study Despite many research attempts conducted concerning NDEs and their beliefs and values, minimal study has been directed concerning the beliefs and values towards NDEs in non-NDE populations. â€Å"There appears to be a correlation between knowledge of NDEs and attitudes toward them. People with a great knowledge of NDEs, tend to have positive attitude towards individuals suffering from NDEs† (KetznebergerKeim, 2001, p. 227). Individuals who have experienced NEDs may face unique issues, which need to be addressed. With the incidence of NDEs increasing from t he early 1970’s due to advancements in modern medicine, healthcare and mental health providers need to factor in the reality of the occurrence of NDEs in their education and training (Wilson, 2013). The importance of the study is to show effects of mis-diagnosis, and or discounted problematic issues of NDEs by those in the helping professionals in relation to the significance of validating their experiences, and being well prepared for treatment on behalf of those seeking recovery or help after a near-death experience. Literature Review This literature review will explore attitudes, values, and beliefs and how they affect the quality of services that caregivers offer to patients suffering from near-death experiences. The review will use behavioral theory as the theoretical framework. Theoretical Framework Behavioral theory will be used as the theoretical lens for this study. Behavioral theory states â€Å"cultural and sub-cultural conditioning moulds and shapes behavior and subsequently the personality† (Sikazwe, 2009, p. 2). Using the behavioral theory, the literature review will analyze the beliefs, attitudes, and values of therapists and relate them to how they conduct themselves when dealing with NDErs. Duffy and Olson (2007) give a clear and accurate meaning to the importance of understanding a patient after a traumatic NDE. They state that health care professionals should know how to respond when a patient reluctantly begins to speak of the experience. It is crucial for a therapeutic environment of trust to be established so the patient can express the meaning of the experience. Being nonjudgmental and employing active listening are crucial aspects of helping a patient after a near-death experience (Duffy Olson, 2007). Sadly, NDEs are frequently mis-diagnosed or ignored, and individuals who encounter NDEs are left to sort their experiences out on their own, sometimes with little or no support from friends, family, or spouses. Often associat ed with NDEs are issues such as marital conflicts, identity crises in areas of work, religion, depression, family difficulties, and adjustment disorders (Moody, 1975). For an example, it is estimated that over half of marriages where one partner has experienced an NDE ends in divorce (Christian, 2005). Attitudes, beliefs, and values of helping professionals about near-death experiences significantly affect the quality of the services they extend to individuals who have experienced NDEs. At times, the professionals impose their interpretations of beliefs about the experience on the patient. Rather than relying on the understanding and account of the individuals who experience NDEs, the professionals act out of their judgments or preconceptions. Griffith (2009) suggests that caregivers, at times, fail to acknowledge the NDE as a tremendously important tool for transformation. They overlook the insightful possibility of experience to initiate both positive and negative transformations in beliefs, personality, and physiological functions. Most of the times helping professionals have prejudices against NDE individuals. This leads to the caregivers labeling both the NDE and the patient with a medical verdict based on their understanding. This, in return, leads to the professionals alienating those who have experienced NDE instead of helping them. Ketzneberger and Keim maintain, â€Å"When an individual who experiences NDEs meets diagnostic criteria for treatable condition, the patient, and the caregiver need to know that the diagnosis is autonomous of and unassociated to the NDE itself† (2001, p. 229). Normally, caregivers are unable to establish a therapeutic relationship with individuals who experience NDEs due to dishonesty. They disrespectfully express their reservations to the experience discounting the individual’s attitude. They, at times, go to the extent of revealing the contents or existence of the near-death experience without the individual ’s consent (KetznebergerKeim, 2001). This discourages the near-death experience individual from sharing their emotions with the caregivers, therefore, affecting their recovery process. Deep emotions characterize the near-death experiences. Therefore, individuals who have experienced them normally have strong feelings that they need to vent, share, or explore. Failure to respond to their feelings, descriptions, and interpretations hampers the ability to reveal hard-to-describe experiences. In addition, it intensifies the individual’s fear of being ridiculed or misunderstood (Duffy Olson, 2007). Insensitive behavior or comments ruin the resuscitation efforts of the NDE individuals (Wilson, 2013). Wilson says, â€Å"Patients who appear unconscious may be aware of their surroundings, and may later recall behavior that is callous or offensive† (2013, p. 2b). At times, caregivers engage in insensitive behavior or say insensitive opinions during the resuscitation proc ess. This leads to the individual’s struggle to resolve issues with startling memories in their future. The prejudice that a majority of the caregivers have towards the individual makes it hard for them to maintain human contact with individuals recovering from NDE. Consequently, it is likely that they fail to help the patient regain bodily consciousness through physical and verbal orientation. Duffy and Olson (2007) make recommendations on how the professionals can work on their attitudes, beliefs, and values, therefore, offering quality care to patients recovering from NDEs. They suggest that every professional ought to establish a rapport with the victim and to create opportunities that can persuade the individual to share their experiences. The way the professionals communicate or conduct themselves when talking about the NDE experience shows their willingness to help the patient (Duffy Olson, 2007). Duffy and Olson (2007) even recommend the rotation of listeners in hosp ital units as a way to avoid burnout. At times, caregivers lack the patience to listen to the NDE individual. This leaves the patients with no option but to keep the experience to themselves, which affects their recuperation process. Helping professionals need to distinguish between their expectations, and those of their patients to work effectively with individuals who have had the near-death experience (Griffith, 2009). Caregivers need to have a clear understanding of the help that patients with a near-death experience require from them, and let the patients know about their expectations too. At times, caregivers fail to consider the individual’s level of functioning and personality before their near-death experience (Griffith, 2009). Therefore, they end up not addressing the challenges that a near-death experience poses to the patient. In its place, therapists strive to address the existing aspects of patients’ mental health problems caused by other sources. Eventua lly, it boils down to conflicting goals or interests. As therapists attempt to help the patient cope with psychological and behavioral challenges, they end up increasing the patient’s NDE-related distress. To address this challenge, caregivers need to address only the near-death-related challenges and refer all the other issues to a different therapist (Griffith, 2009). Conclusion Attitudes, beliefs, and values of helping professionals about near-death experiences significantly affect the quality of the services they extend to individuals who have experienced NDEs. In most cases, caring professionals use their interpretation of NDE to treat patients suffering from NDEs. Besides, they at times make insensitive comments, which interrupt the patient’s capacity to resuscitate. The prejudice the caregivers have towards NDErs deters them from establishing personal contact with patients. To add to the existing literature, this study will conduct a research on patients recover ing from NDEs. The study will seek to understand how attitudes, values and beliefs of caregivers affect the quality of services given to individuals suffering from near-death experiences. References Alexander, E. (2012). Proof of Heaven: A Neurosurgeons Journey Into The Afterlife (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Simon Schuster, Inc. Christian, S. (2005). Marital Satisfaction and Stability Following a Near-death Experience of One of the Marital Partners. Web. Duffy, N. Olson, M. (2007). Supporting a patient after a near-death experience. Nursing, 37(4), 46-48. Galli, M. (2012). Incredible journeys. Christianity Today, 56(11), 24-30. Greyson, B. (1991). Near-death experiences and systems theories: A biosociological approach to mystical states. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 12(4), 487-508. Griffith, L. (2009). Near-death experiences and psychotherapy. Psychiatry MMC, 6(10), 35-42. Ketzneberger, K. Keim, G. (2001). The near-death experience: knowledge and attitudes of college students. Journal of Near-Death Studies, 19(4), 227-232. Linzmeier, B. M. (n.d.). Attitudes toward near-death experiences. In Near Death Experience Research Foundation (NDERF). Retrieved Moody, R. (1975). Life After Life. New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers, Inc. Moore, R. (2013, January 20). Donate to the NDE medical training video. In International Association for Near-Death Studies (IANDS). Retrieved Rice, S. (2007). Letters: insights on near-death memories. Nursing, 37(6), 8. What is a near-death experience? (2011, February 5). In International Association for Near-Death Studies. Web. Sikazwe, H. (2009). Behavioral theories and the impact on human interactions: A compilation of articles, essays and discourses around the world. Web. Wilson, C. (2013). Publishers in seventh heaven over near-death memoirs. United Methodist Reporter, 159(42), 2b. Zaleski, C. (2013). Visions of heaven. Christian Century Journal, 130(1), 6.

Business Ethics When the Work

Business Ethics When the Work Work-life balance is a flexible working program that has become common in several organizations in the US. Some firms have introduced flexible working hours for their employees, who need to balance between family and work responsibilities. Work-life balance is a trend that has picked up in various places of work in the US. This work-life balance has an impact on relationships that employees have with each other. Workers who have children have found flexible working hours more rewarding for their careers and family lives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics: When the Work-Life Scales Are Unequal. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The workplace environment is experiencing a lot of changes. Employers have realized the importance of offering their employees flexible work schedules, which help them balance between work and family life. However, the work-life balance approach is not getting support from all work ers as expected. Workers with no children and families to care for, feel that their colleagues who have families use this as a pretext to avoid performing their duties. They feel that they shoulder the burden of their absentee colleagues because they have to perform extra duties. It is difficult for working class parents, especially mothers, to balance their commitment to work and family effectively. However, some workers are very supportive of their colleagues who are forced by family circumstances to stick to flexible working hours. These workers understand the importance of their colleagues being involved in the lives of their children. A flexible work schedule makes such workers more effective. This is because of the satisfaction they get from performing their work duties and spending time with their children. Employees who are away from their work stations can be telephoned or emailed if an urgent issue that needs their input comes up at work. This has created a lot of harmony between workers, in firms which have work-life balance schedules. Many firms are finding it difficult to implement flexible work systems. Some employees do not have children but still need time to attend to their family members, who need their attention. Employees who care for their elderly parents or grandparents feel that their colleagues who have children are favored more by the work-life balance schedules than them. They claim that they also deserve to be given flexible work schedules, which allow them to care for their elderly relatives more. Human resource specialists argue that, for a flexible work program to succeed, all employees with alternative interests away from work need to be considered.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employees in firms who offer flexible work schedules should focus on how their duties are going to be done during the period they are away. This will lessen the burden that is shouldered by their colleagues when they are away from work. Firms need to monitor the time each worker spends at the workplace, to determine every individual’s productivity level. A work-life balance program can only be effective if all employees communicate with each other easily, regardless of their locations. Workers also need to notify their colleagues if they are planning to leave their workstations early. Flexible working programs need to be fair to all workers to reduce resentment between them. Organizations need to meet crucial deadlines and performance targets. Implementation of a work-life balance program should ensure that productivity levels in the organization remain consistent. This case confirms that many firms face difficulties when implementing flexible work programs for their employees. All employees need to be given equal consideration when a flexible work program is being implemented.

Database Design and Implementation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Database Design and Implementation - Assignment Example Frequently, there are many patrons who borrow copies of books. Each time when a patron borrow a copy of a book, the system automatically generates a transaction identification associated with the borrowing date and due date of the book loan. Each patron has a patron number, patron's name, patron's contact information such as postal address, phone number, and email address. Library system is a simple solution. However, when a library has several branches and all need to share same system, it adds another dimension and hence makes the problem bit more complex. Library is a place where several books are present where patrons can issue them. A table each for storing branch, patron, and book details are needed. An additional table is needed to store list of book authors as there can be multiple authors of a book. As defined in problem several copies of book can be present in one or different branches of library. This adds need of another table which can store details of copies of a book. Apart from these two additional tables are needed to store patron book issue history and second to keep track of which branch contains which copies of book. In all seven different tables are needed to store information per mentioned problem. ER Diagram section shows various tables and relationships between them. Library - There are several branches in a library system, and... The branch number is a unique identifier for each branch. Book - Each book has a book number, title, the number of pages of the books, the name of the publisher, the year of publishing, and list of authors of the book. Patron - A patron borrow a copy of a book. Each patron has a patron number, patron's name, patron's contact information such as postal address, phone number, and email address. Copy - Each library branch owns a large volume of copies of various books, and each copy of a book has a copy number and associated cost. CSDL Schema : LIBRARY Entity: BRANCH Attributes: BRANCHNUMBER: NUMBER(10,0) NAME: VARCHAR2(50) LOCATION: VARCHAR2(50) PHONENUMBER: NUMBER(10,0) Identifiers: BRANCHNUMBER Entity: BOOK Attributes: BOOKNUMBER: NUMBER(10,0) TITLE: VARCHAR2(100) PAGECOUNT: NUMBER(10,0) PUBLISHERNAME: VARCHAR2(50) YEAR: NUMBER(4,0) (1, N) AUTHORNAME: VARCHAR2(50) Identifiers: BOOKNUMBER Entity: COPY Attributes: COPYNUMBER: NUMBER(10,0) COST: NUMBER(10,2) Identifiers: COPYNUMBER Entity: PATRON Attributes: PATRONID: NUMBER(10,0) NAME: VARCHAR2(50) ADDRESS: VARCHAR2(100) PHONE: NUMBER(10,0) EMAIL: VARCHAR2(30) Identifiers: PATRONID Entity: TRANSACTION Attributes: TRANSACTIONID: NUMBER(10,0) BORROWDATE: DATE DUEDATE: DATE Identifiers: TRANSACTIONID Relationship: OWNS Connected Entities: (1,n) BRANCH (1,n) COPY ER Diagram DB Creation Scripts CREATE TABLE BRANCH ( BRANCHNUMBER NUMBER(10,0) NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,

An improvement of Intrusion Detection System using HCI Essay

An improvement of Intrusion Detection System using HCI - Essay Example Network/system specialists and administrators mostly know more about computer networks and systems than regular computer system owners. Some IDS users may have different duties than others. Therefore the time and effort required to detect attacks may not be the same. IDS users can be categorized from two perspectives: (1) their knowledge about network/system security management; and (2) the time and effort that they could put into intrusion detection. From the first perspective, different knowledge levels divide users into advanced, intermediate, and novice levels. From the second perspective, we see them as three types: keen users, regular users, and casual users. An IDS interface is expected to support numerous actions. Generally, the interface shall apply both graphs and text to help present information. SnortReader shall support adaptable functionality, which means that users are able to change its look and the behavior according to their needs. Another important point is that SnortReader shall provide real-time intrusion status information and enable users to locate intrusions quickly and accurately. All user actions are divided into two types: configuration related and data-navigation related.

BTN2-10 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

BTN2-10 - Coursework Example The ratio reveals the dependency level of a firm on loan to runs its operation (Rodgers, 23). The formula for this ratio is (total debt/total asset) * 100. Low debt ratio is advisable that is 50%, and below because a high debt ratio turn away potential investors. There is a high chance of a firm to be declared bankrupt when the debt ratio is too high. Samsung, Apple, and Google had the following Debt ratio of 32.9%, 32.9%, and 23.5% respectively. Apple and Samsung have an equal debt ratio of 32.9% in this comparison thus, tend to be risky. Analyzing ROA for Samsung and Apple, Samsung has the lowest; therefore it can be considered the riskiest firm to invest. The recommended maximum level of debt ratio is 50% and all the three firms operate below it. For one to be successful in stock market like Warren Buffet, critical analysis need to be conducted on the financial performance of the interested company. One needs to consider profitability and risk level of the interested firms. In this case, Apple and Google can be considered on the basis of high profitability level of Apple, while Google low risk level. It should be noted that an investor will look for a high return from the investment. According to (Elton, & Gruber, 41), the higher the return, the riskier the investment, and, therefore, sound decisions need to be done. Comparing the risk versus return of the two firms one can make a sound decision on which firm to invest. For Apple return versus risk is (32.9/28.5=1.2), while for Google is (23.5/12.9=1.8). Apple has the lowest ratio, thus it is the best firm to invest in and get better

Aqa Food Anthology Essay Example for Free

Aqa Food Anthology Essay Compare two texts from the Anthology, which present different views about what we should eat. Text 9 is a newspaper article by John Torode on ‘Why we should all eat red meat’ that vibrantly explores the issue of eating red meat and with a ‘meat lover’ perspective fighting a passionate argument against the ‘bad boy of British culture’ reputation meat has. John Torode is a well-known celebrity chef and his picture endorses the article with a sense of knowledge and character smiling for ‘the culmination of his love of beef’. This article is written to reach out to the general public, more so to the health conscious and the skeptics to persuade and guide through to a new way of thinking towards eating red meat and food in general. A very similar purpose is seen throughout text 11, the Vegetarian Society websites ‘Seven simple steps to going- and staying- vegetarian’ which aim to guide prospective vegetarians to the ultimatum of ‘you are vegetarian’ through the use of enabling and reassuring lexis. In text 11 the text is clearly set out into seven steps that are structured to coincide, following an order to which a structured plan flows like a timeline- building up confidence and experience to the reader with the desired effect of easing them in to the direction of becoming vegetarians. This is almost like an instruction manual and by the text being set in steps it is easy for the reader to digest. In comparison the structure of text 9 does not use bullet points but instead is presented in prose, which allows for story telling. Even though the texts are structured differently they are both still informative, instructive and possibly persuasive. Language techniques are chosen carefully to create these types of texts. For instance, Torode uses narrative and inclusive language. Torode begins by using first person pronouns: â€Å"When I first moved†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in his anecdote of his experiences with meat, this creates a personal, colloquial effect almost as if he is revealing himself to you making him more likeable and warm, and this is consistent throughout the text as he carries on telling us how he’d â€Å"been raised on the stuff† making him seem like a ‘down to earth’ guy who the reader can connect with. Later on in the article Torode employs inclusive language: â€Å"Why? Because we eat too much†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , in this example Torode also uses rhetoric possibly with the purpose of persuading as it makes the reader think and is a transition to his argument to why this is true. To end the article Torode slips back into the more personal first person narration much like the formalities of a conversation. There is a change of direction in the text from the anecdotal and friendly tone to where he gets serious and then back to very personal and reassuring- this is all formed to be persuasive as the personal address is comforting and the serious facts are used to further persuade the reader. The â€Å"Seven Steps† lack some of the fore mentioned techniques. What can be seen instead is a third person narrative throughout the article, thus making it sound less personal but more instructive and informative. The writer uses a brisk selection of lexis making the sentences and whole body of text shorter than text 9. Even though this text is significantly shorter it still manages to come across as concerned and helpful: â€Å"or borrow one from your local library†, here its almost like a whisper as if the voice is matched to someone friendly doing you a favor. So even though text 11 is not as colloquial and expressive as text 9 it still uses language in a way that makes it seem slightly informal, neutral and relaxed for the effect of seeming reassuring and therefore persuasive. For example the personal caption under the picture of the woman also uses first person pronoun â€Å"I gave up meat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and even uses informal language such as ‘veggie’ to seem relatable and also down to earth- just like Torode is trying to sound. This is seen in both texts as a technique to warm to the reader and draw their interest. In text 9 we see a consistent use of expressive lexis which displays passion from the narrator as he tells us ‘we ate platters of it’ and ‘I loved it’. He tells us about â€Å"my love affair with beef† using an array of adjectives (â€Å"large, smoky, well marbled join of beef†) and alliteration (â€Å"succulent steak†) to entice the readers imagination and glorify meat in support of his argument of â€Å"Why we should all eat red meat†. Combined with the use of  hyperballys and negative exaggeration (â€Å"cholesterol overdose†) when speaking of the opposing argument it radiates a consistent sense of passion backed up by authoritative facts. All in all creating a very impressive, persuasive argument. How the Vegetarian Society’s ‘Seven simple steps’ does try to persuade and guide the reader is quite different from the ‘why we should all eat red meat’ article in terms of language use. As it is a step-by-step guide it doesn’t include a personal story or emotive language like in Torodes article. Instead it uses imperatives and suggestions, (â€Å"try something new†) in every step and modal verbs throughout in a simplistic manner. Perhaps because it doesn’t need to be as persuasive since it is aimed at the already prospective vegetarian and therefore it is not opinionated or overly patronizing in any way. The effect of this is that a calm tone is created and each step simply guides the reader- the persuasion is much more subtle. Whilst language is chosen to include and instruct it is also chosen to discriminate against the opposition to eliminate possible doubts and reassure the reader, this is used in both texts. In Torode’s article he declares, â€Å"Uninformed customers still worry that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  here it mocks those who worry about BSE and what it might do. A superior stance is taken here in order to persuade. In text 11 it is strikingly similar as it tells the reader â€Å"don’t be put off by†¦ ill-informed scare stories† from â€Å"people who know very little about their own health†. Both of these bias declaratives are used to- once again- effectively comfort and assure the reader. Although not so inclusively as text 9, text 11 uses celebrity endorsement in the form of a picture of â€Å"Sir Paul McCartney† a ‘musician and vegetarian society patron’ almost like a figure head that is encouragement for readers to think that it is more acceptable to follow the views of what we should eat according to them because these famous people do. The rhetorical question posed by Sir Paul apparently, captioned below the picture is a touch to make the reader think, the words sound wise and are placed there to enliven such thoughts to the reader. This is also seen in text 9 towards the end of the article when Torode very personally tells us â€Å"My family eats†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  which he makes very personal even telling us his children’s names. Torode is using himself as a figure head to the views on ‘what we should eat’ as after all he is this celebrity chef and if it is good enough for his family- it should be good for us? In conclusion the texts argue completely different views on what we should eat but the sought effect on the reader is very similar and this is why there are similarities in the way the texts both try to persuade. They are both different types of texts and therefore the language, tone and techniques vary- text 9 uses a more personal and complex approach in the form of a personal narrative to persuade the reader and create an impressive argument, whilst text 9 is a much more simplistic and subtle informative text. They are both consistently persuasive and lead to the final purpose- of leading, encouraging and informing the reader through a set of steps or a structured narrative to a new view of what we as the reader should eat. Even though Text 9 is more opinionated both texts are still biased arguments with mainly the purpose of persuasion. I think both texts are very suited to their purpose and although look and are different they interestingly use language for a very similar purpose.